Emission measurements are available in the literature for a wide variety of field burns and laboratory experiments, although previous studies do not always isolate the effect of individual features such as fuel moisture content (FMC). This study explores the effect of FMC on gaseous and particulate emissions from flaming and smouldering combustion of four different wildland fuels found across the United States. A custom linear tube-heater apparatus was built to steadily produce emissions in different combustion modes over a wide range of FMC. Results showed that when compared with flaming combustion, smouldering combustion showed increased emissions of CO, particulate matter and unburned hydrocarbons, corroborating trends in the literature. CO and particulate matter emissions in the flaming mode were also significantly correlated with FMC, which had little influence on emissions for smouldering mode combustion, when taking into account the dry mass of fuel burned. These variations occurred for some vegetative fuel species but not others, indicating that the type of fuel plays an important role. This may be due to the chemical makeup of moist and recently live fuels, which is discussed and compared with previous measurements in the literature.