Rangelands are dominated by grass, forb, or shrub species, but are usually not modified by using agronomic improvements such as fertilization or irrigation (Lund 2007; Reeves and Mitchell 2011) as these lands would normally be considered pastures. Rangeland includes grassland, shrubland, and desert ecosystems, alpine areas, and some woodlands (box 7.1). This chapter addresses the potential effects of climate change on rangeland vegetation in the Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USFS) Northern Region and the Greater Yellowstone Area (GYA), hereafter called the Northern Rockies region. Within the Northern Rockies region, rangelands occupy more than 65 million acres (Reeves and Mitchell 2011). Ecosystem services derived from these rangelands include forage for millions of domestic and wild ungulates, greater sagegrouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) habitat, and numerous recreational opportunities (see Chapter 10).