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Fuel Descriptions

This topic contains publications describing or characterizing fuels in a sample area, including the types or components of fuels, the fuel characteristics, and their properties. These publications essentially describe a fuel bed.

Upcoming Events

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Past Events

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Webinars/Videos

The ecology, history, ecohydrology, and management of pinyon and juniper woodlands in the Great Basin
Apr 15, 2020
Richard R. Miller
Biochar 2020
Mar 19, 2020
Deborah S. Page-Dumroese
Effects of burning piles
Nov 27, 2018
Zander Evans
FTEM Release Webinar for USFS
Jun 21, 2018
Introduction to the Photoload Sampling Technique
May 1, 2018

Research Briefs

2017 Aging masticated fuels - How do they change over time?
Pamela G. Sikkink
2014 Building resilience into quaking aspen management
Paul C. Rogers
2011 Guide for quantifying post-treatment fuels in the sagebrush steppe and juniper woodlands of the Great Basin
Andrea Bourne, Stephen C. Bunting
2009 Guide for quantifying fuels in the sagebrush steppe and juniper woodlands of the Great Basin
Andrea Stebleton, Stephen C. Bunting
2009 From the ground up, way up: measuring live fuel moisture with satellite imagery to fine-tune fire modeling in western ecosystems
Rachel Clark
2004 Evaluating ASTER imagery and gradient modeling for mapping wildland fire fuels
Michael J. Falkowski
2004 Fuels planning: science synthesis and integration; forest structure and fire hazard fact sheet 2: fire hazard
Kelly O'Brian
1991 Fuel moisture as measured and predicted during the 1988 fires in Yellowstone National Park
Roberta A. Hartford, Richard C. Rothermel
1986 Surface fuel loadings and predicted fire behavior for vegetation types in the northern Rocky Mountains
James K. Brown, Collin D. Bevins
1981 Photo guides for appraising downed woody fuels in Montana forests: how they were made
William C. Fischer
1976 Estimating fuel weights of grasses, forbs, and small woody plants
James K. Brown, Michael A. Marsden
1969 Porosity of cheatgrass fuel related to weight
James K. Brown
1965 Characteristics of backfires and headfires in a pine needle fuel bed
William R. Beaufait

Syntheses

2015 The flammability of forest and woodland litter: a synthesis
J. Morgan Varner, Jeffrey M. Kane, Jesse K. Kreye, Eamon A. Engber
2014 Dead fuel moisture research: 1991-2012
Stuart Matthews
2006 Foliar moisture contents of North American conifers
Christopher R. Keyes

Publications/Reports

2020 Standing dead trees contribute significantly to carbon budgets in Australian savannas
Book or Chapter or Journal Article
Garry D. Cook, Adam C. Liedloff, Carl P. Meyer, Anna E. Richards, Steven G. Bray
2020 Haze emissions from smouldering peat: the roles of inorganic content and bulk density
Book or Chapter or Journal Article
Yuqi Hu, Wuquan Cui, Guillermo Rein
2020 Stand density, drought, and herbivory constrain ponderosa pine regeneration pulse
Book or Chapter or Journal Article
Thomas E. Kolb, Kelsey Flathers, John Bradford, Caitlin M. Andrews, Lance A. Asherin, W.K. Moser
2020 Smoke and Roadway Safety Guide
Technical Report or White Paper
Gary M. Curcio, David Mueller, Peter Lahm, Mark Fitch, Joshua C. Hyde
2019 Flame temperatures saturate with increasing dead material in Ulex europaeus, but flame duration, fuel consumption and overall flammability continue to increase
Book or Chapter or Journal Article
Jennifer M. Dent, Hannah L. Buckley, Audrey Lustig, Timothy J. Curran
2019 Flame spread and burning rates through vertical arrays of wooden dowels
Book or Chapter or Journal Article
Jiang Lin, Zhao Zhao, Wei Tang, Colin H. Miller, Jin-Hua Sun, Michael J. Gollner
2019 Fuel dynamics after reintroduced fire in an old-growth Sierra Nevada mixed-conifer forest
Book or Chapter or Journal Article
C. Alina Cansler, Mark E. Swanson, Tucker J. Furniss, Andrew J. Larson, James A. Lutz
2019 The Effect of Ecophysiological Traits on Live Fuel Moisture Content
Book or Chapter or Journal Article
Alexandria L. Pivovaroff, Nathan Emery, M. Rasoul Sharifi, Marti Witter, Jon E. Keeley, Philip W. Rundel
2019 Fuel Characteristic Classification System (FCCS) field sampling and fuelbed development guide
Technical Report or White Paper
Susan J. Prichard, Anne Andreu, Roger D. Ottmar, Ellen Eberhardt
2019 Can peat soil support a flaming wildfire?
Book or Chapter or Journal Article
Shaorun Lin, Peiyi Sun, Xinyan Huang
2019 Fire temperatures and Sphagnum damage during prescribed burning on peatlands
Book or Chapter or Journal Article
Alice Noble, Alistair Crowle, David J. Glaves, Sheila M. Palmer, Joseph Holden
2019 Aging Effects on Biomass Burning Aerosol Mass and Composition: A Critical Review of Field and Laboratory Studies
Book or Chapter or Journal Article
Anna L. Hodshire, Ali Akherati, Matthew J. Alvarado, Benjamin Brown-Steiner, Shantanu H. Jathar, Jose L. Jimenez, Sonia M. Kreidenweis, Chantelle R. Lonsdale, Timothy B. Onasch, Amber M. Ortega, Jeffrey R. Pierce
2019 Why is the effect of live fuel moisture content on fire rate of spread underestimated in field experiments in shrublands?
Book or Chapter or Journal Article
F. Pimont, Julien Ruffault, Nicolas K. Martin-StPaul, Jean-Luc Dupuy
2019 Effects of fire severity on the composition and functional traits of litter-dwelling macroinvertebrates in a temperate forest
Book or Chapter or Journal Article
Sebastian Buckingham, Nick P. Murphy, Heloise Gibb
2019 Estimating uncertainty in the volume and carbon storage of downed coarse woody debris
Book or Chapter or Journal Article
John L. Campbell, Mark B. Green, Ruth D. Yanai, Christopher W. Woodall, Shawn Fraver, Mark E. Harmon, Mark A. Hatfield, Charles J. Barnett, Craig R. See, Grant M. Domke
2019 The downed and dead wood inventory of forests in the United States
Book or Chapter or Journal Article
Christopher W. Woodall, Vicente J. Monleon, Shawn Fraver, Matthew B. Russell, Mark H. Hatfield, John L. Campbell, Grant M. Domke
2018 Surface analysis as a method to reconstruct past and recent dynamics of forest ecosystems
Book or Chapter or Journal Article
Vanessa Pilon, Serge Payette, Pierre-Luc Couillard, Jason Laflamme
2018 Change of clonal frequency in the second root sucker generation of hybrid aspen
Book or Chapter or Journal Article
Lars-Göran Stener, Dainis Rungis, Viktorija Belevich, Johan Malm
2018 Quaking aspen woodland after conifer control: Herbaceous dynamics
Book or Chapter or Journal Article
Jonathan D. Bates, Kirk W. Davies
2018 Conceptualizing Ecological Flammability: An Experimental Test of Three Frameworks Using Various Types and Loads of Surface Fuels
Book or Chapter or Journal Article
Lynda D. Prior, Brett P. Murphy, David M. J. S. Bowman
2018 Moisture Content, Ignitability, and Fire Risk of Vegetation in Vertical Greenery Systems
Book or Chapter or Journal Article
Kalani C. Dahanayake, Cheuk Lun Chow
2018 Does plant flammability differ between leaf and litter bed scale? Role of fuel characteristics and consequences for flammability assessment
Book or Chapter or Journal Article
Anne Ganteaume
2018 Modelling the management of forest ecosystems: Importance of wood decomposition
Book or Chapter or Journal Article
Juan A. Blanco, Deborah S. Page-Dumroese, Martin F. Jurgensen, Michael P. Curran, Joanne M. Tirocke, Joanna Walitalo
2018 Determining the minimum sampling frequency for ground measurements of burn severity
Book or Chapter or Journal Article
Alexander W. Holmes, Christoph Rüdiger, Sarah Harris, Nigel J. Tapper
2018 Quantifying understory vegetation density using small-footprint airborne lidar
Book or Chapter or Journal Article
Michael J. Campbell, Philip E. Dennison, Andrew T. Hudak, Lucy M. Parham, Bret W. Butler
2018 Woody material structural degradation through decomposition
Book or Chapter or Journal Article
Shawn Fraver, Mehdi Tajvidi, Anthony W. D'Amato, Daniel I. Lindner, Jodi A. Forrester, Amy M. Milo
2017 Decomposition rates for hand-piled fuels
Technical Report or White Paper
Clinton S. Wright, Alexander M. Evans, Joseph C. Restaino
2017 Prediction of forest canopy and surface fuels from lidar and satellite time series data in a bark beetle-affected forest
Book or Chapter or Journal Article
Benjamin C. Bright, Andrew T. Hudak, Arjan J. H. Meddens, Todd J. Hawbaker, Jennifer S. Briggs, Robert E. Kennedy
2017 Surface fuel characteristics, temporal dynamics, and fire behavior of masticated mixed-conifer fuelbeds of the U.S. Southeast and Rocky Mountains
Technical Report or White Paper
Robert E. Keane, Pamela G. Sikkink, Theresa B. Jain, James J. Reardon
2017 Effect of particle aging on chemical characteristics, smoldering, and fire behavior in mixed-conifer masticated fuel
Book or Chapter or Journal Article
Pamela G. Sikkink, Theresa B. Jain, James J. Reardon, Faith A. Heinsch, Robert E. Keane, Bret W. Butler, Scott L. Baggett
2017 Are litter decomposition and fire linked through plant species traits?
Book or Chapter or Journal Article
Johannes H. C. Cornelissen, Saskia Grootemaat, Lieneke M. Verheijen, William K. Cornwell, Peter M. van Bodegom, Rene Van der Wal, Rien Aerts
2017 Density-dependent woody detritus accumulation in an even-aged, single-species forest
Book or Chapter or Journal Article
Michael S. Schaedel, Andrew J. Larson, Cullen J. Weisbrod, Robert E. Keane
2017 Changes in mass, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in logs decomposing for 30 years in three Rocky Mountain coniferous forests
Book or Chapter or Journal Article
Cindy E. Prescott, Kristen Corrao, Anya Reid, Jenna M. Zukswert, Shalom D. Addo-Danso
2017 Improving forest sampling strategies for assessment of fuel reduction burning
Book or Chapter or Journal Article
Mana Gharun, Malcolm Possell, Meaghan E. Jenkins, Lai Fan Poon, Tina L. Bell, Mark A. Adams
2017 The effects of thinning and burning on understory vegetation in North America: A meta-analysis
Book or Chapter or Journal Article
Joshua Willms, Anne Bartuszevige, Dylan W. Schwilk, Patricia L. Kennedy
2016 Seasonal relationships between foliar moisture content, heat content and biochemistry of lodgepole pine and big sagebrush foliage
Book or Chapter or Journal Article
Yi Qi, William Matt Jolly, Philip E. Dennison, Rachel C. Kropp
2016 Spatiotemporal variability of wildland fuels in US Northern Rocky Mountain forests
Book or Chapter or Journal Article
Robert E. Keane
2016 Estimating ladder fuels: a new approach combining field photography with LiDAR
Book or Chapter or Journal Article
Heather A. Kramer, Brandon M. Collins, Frank K. Lake, Marek K. Jakubowski, Scott L. Stephens, Maggi Kelly
2016 Landscape variation in tree regeneration and snag fall drive fuel loads in 24-year old post-fire lodgepole pine forests
Book or Chapter or Journal Article
Kellen N. Nelson, Monica G. Turner, William H. Romme, Daniel B. Tinker
2016 Assessing the effectiveness of spatially heterogeneous fuels reduction restoration treatments - Final Report to the Joint Fire Science Program
Technical Report or White Paper
Chad M. Hoffman, Michael A. Battaglia, Tony S. Cheng, Yvette Dickinson, Frederick W. Smith
2016 Development of the rangeland vegetation simulator: a module for FVS
Technical Report or White Paper
Matthew C. Reeves
2016 Fuel moisture sensitivity to temperature and precipitation: climate change implications
Book or Chapter or Journal Article
Michael D. Flannigan, B. Mike Wotton, Ginny A. Marshall, William J. de Groot, Jill F. Johnstone, N. Jurko, Alan S. Cantin
2016 Data assimilation of dead fuel moisture observations from remote automated weather stations
Book or Chapter or Journal Article
Martin Vejmelka, Adam K. Kochanski, Jan Mandel
2015 Temporal fuel dynamics following high-severity fire in dry mixed conifer forests of the eastern Cascades, Oregon, USA
Book or Chapter or Journal Article
Christopher J. Dunn, John D. Bailey
2015 Developing a post-processor to link the Forest Vegetation Simulator (FVS) and the Fuel Characteristic Classification System (FCCS)
Technical Report or White Paper
Morris C. Johnson, Sarah J. Beukema, Stephanie A. Rebain, Paige C. Eagle, Kjell Swedin, Maria Petrova, Susan J. Prichard
2015 The flammability of forest and woodland litter: a synthesis
Book or Chapter or Journal Article, Synthesis
J. Morgan Varner, Jeffrey M. Kane, Jesse K. Kreye, Eamon A. Engber
2014 Dead fuel moisture research: 1991-2012
Book or Chapter or Journal Article, Synthesis
Stuart Matthews
2014 De-coupling seasonal changes in water content and dry matter to predict live conifer foliar moisture content
Book or Chapter or Journal Article
William Matt Jolly, Ann M. Hadlow, Kathleen Huguet
2014 Tables for estimating canopy fuel characteristics from stand variables in four interior west conifer forest types
Book or Chapter or Journal Article
Martin E. Alexander, Miguel G. Cruz
2014 Spectroscopic analysis of seasonal changes in live fuel moisture content and leaf dry mass
Book or Chapter or Journal Article
Yi Qi, Philip E. Dennison, William Matt Jolly, Rachel C. Kropp, Simon C. Brewer
2013 Fuel Characteristic Classification System version 3.0: technical documentation
Technical Report or White Paper
Susan J. Prichard, David V. Sandberg, Roger D. Ottmar, Ellen Eberhardt, Anne Andreu, Paige C. Eagle, Kjell Swedin
2012 Properties affecting the consumption of sound and rotten coarse woody debris in northern Idaho: a preliminary investigation using laboratory fires
Book or Chapter or Journal Article
Joshua C. Hyde, Alistair M. S. Smith, Roger D. Ottmar
2012 Relationships between moisture, chemistry, and ignition of Pinus contorta needles during the early stages of mountain pine beetle attack
Book or Chapter or Journal Article
William Matt Jolly, Russell A. Parsons, Ann M. Hadlow, Greg M. Cohn, Sara S. McAllister, John B. Popp, Robert M. Hubbard, Jose F. Negron
2012 A comparison of two methods for estimating conifer live foliar moisture content
Book or Chapter or Journal Article
William Matt Jolly, Ann M. Hadlow
2012 Spatial scaling of wildland fuels for six forest and rangeland ecosystems of the Northern Rocky Mountains, USA
Book or Chapter or Journal Article
Robert E. Keane, Kathy L. Gray, Valentina Bacciu, Signe B. Leirfallom
2011 The combustion of sound and rotten coarse woody debris: a review
Book or Chapter or Journal Article
Joshua C. Hyde, Alistair M. S. Smith, Roger D. Ottmar, Ernesto Alvarado, Penelope Morgan
2010 Comment on 'Estimating canopy fuel characteristics in five conifer stands in the western United States using tree and stand measurements'
Book or Chapter or Journal Article
Miguel G. Cruz, Martin E. Alexander, Ronald H. Wakimoto
2010 Experimental measurements during combustion of moist individual foliage samples
Book or Chapter or Journal Article
Brent M. Pickett, Carl Isackson, Rebecca Wunder, Thomas H. Fletcher, Bret W. Butler, David R. Weise
2009 Equations to convert compacted crown ratio to uncompacted crown ratio for trees in the Interior West
Book or Chapter or Journal Article
Chris Toney, Matthew C. Reeves
2007 The photoload sampling technique: estimating surface fuel loadings from downward-looking photographs of synthetic fuelbeds
Technical Report or White Paper
Robert E. Keane, Laura J. Dickinson
2007 Development and evaluation of the photoload sampling technique
Technical Report or White Paper
Robert E. Keane, Laura J. Dickinson
2007 Do high-density patches of coarse wood and regenerating saplings create browsing refugia for aspen (Populus tremuloides) in Yellowstone National Park (USA)?
Book or Chapter or Journal Article
James D. Forester, Dean P. Anderson, Monica G. Turner
2007 Assessing post-fire Douglas-fir mortality and Douglas-fir beetle attacks in the Northern Rocky Mountains
Technical Report or White Paper
Sharon M. Hood, Barbara J. Bentz, Ken E. Gibson, Kevin C. Ryan, Gregg DeNitto
2006 Estimating canopy fuel characteristics in five conifer stands in the western United States using tree and stand measurements
Book or Chapter or Journal Article
Elizabeth D. Reinhardt, Joe H. Scott, Kathy L. Gray, Robert E. Keane
2006 Amount, position, and age of coarse wood influence litter decomposition in postfire Pinus contorta stands
Book or Chapter or Journal Article
Alysa J. Remsburg, Monica G. Turner
2006 Interpreting fire behavior - powerpoint
Presentation Slides
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service
2006 Foliar moisture contents of North American conifers
Conference Proceedings, Synthesis
Christopher R. Keyes
2005 Photo series for major natural fuel types of the United States - Phase II -- Progress Report
Technical Report or White Paper
Roger D. Ottmar
2005 Quantitative comparison of spectral indices and transformations of multi-resolution remotely sensed data using ground measurements: implications for fire severity modeling - Final Report to the Joint Fire Science Program
Technical Report or White Paper
Jennifer L. Rechel, Dar A. Roberts
2005 Landscape fragmentation and forest fuel accumulation: effects of fragment size, age, and climate - Final Report to the Joint Fire Science Program
Technical Report or White Paper
William A. Gould, Grizelle Gonzalez, Andrew T. Hudak
2005 Stereo photo guide for estimating canopy fuel characteristics in conifer stands
Technical Report or White Paper
Joe H. Scott, Elizabeth D. Reinhardt
2005 Predicting seasonal fuel moisture in the western United States using endmember fractions at multiple spatial and spectral resolutions
Conference Proceedings
Jennifer L. Rechel, Seth H. Peterson, Dar A. Roberts, Jan W. van Wagtendonk
2005 A web-based information system for estimating fuel characteristics, fire hazard, and treatment effectiveness - Final Report to the Joint Fire Science Program
Technical Report or White Paper
Carl E. Fiedler, Roger D. Ottmar
2004 Analysis of algorithms for predicting canopy fuel
Conference Proceedings
Kathy L. Gray, Elizabeth D. Reinhardt
2003 Estimating live fuels for shrubs and herbs with BIOPAK
Book or Chapter or Journal Article
Carl E. Fiedler, Charles E. Keegan, Todd A. Morgan, Christopher W. Woodall
2003 Using airborne laser altimetry to determine fuel models for estimating fire behavior
Book or Chapter or Journal Article
Carl A. Seielstad, Lloyd P. Queen
2002 Estimating canopy fuels in conifer forests
Book or Chapter or Journal Article
Joe H. Scott, Elizabeth D. Reinhardt
1995 Restoring fire-dependent ponderosa pine forests in western Montana
Book or Chapter or Journal Article
Stephen F. Arno, Michael G. Harrington, Carl E. Fiedler, Clinton E. Carlson
1982 Fuel and fire behavior prediction in big sagebrush
Technical Report or White Paper
James K. Brown
1981 Residue characteristics in the Northern Rocky Mountains
Conference Proceedings, Technical Report or White Paper
Robert E. Benson, Joyce A. Schlieter
1981 Photo guide for appraising downed woody fuels in Montana forests: Interior ponderosa pine, ponderosa pine - larch - Douglas-fir, larch - Douglas-fir, and interior Douglas-fir cover types
Technical Report or White Paper
William C. Fischer
1981 Photo guide for appraising downed woody fuels in Montana forests: Grand fir - larch - Douglas-fir, western hemlock, western redcedar - western hemlock, and western redcedar cover types
Technical Report or White Paper
William C. Fischer
1981 Photo guide for appraising downed woody fuels in Montana forests: lodgepole pine and Engelmann spruce - subalpine fir cover types
Technical Report or White Paper
William C. Fischer
1981 Residue characteristics in the Northern Rocky Mountains
Conference Proceedings, Technical Report or White Paper
Robert E. Benson, Joyce A. Schlieter
1978 Predicting slash depth for fire modeling
Technical Report or White Paper
Frank A. Albini, James K. Brown
1978 Weight and density of crowns of Rocky Mountain conifers
Technical Report or White Paper
James K. Brown
1977 Pre-feasibility assessment: small diameter underutilized (SDU) wood feedstock for a 10 MW co-generation facility at the Milltown dam site
Technical Report or White Paper
James K. Brown, J. A. Kendall Snell, David L. Bunnell
1975 Gain and loss of moisture in large forest fuels
Technical Report or White Paper
Arthur P. Brackebusch
1971 The pyrolysis products and thermal characteristics of cottonwood and its components
Technical Report or White Paper
Charles W. Philpot
1970 Physical fuel properties of ponderosa pine forest floors and cheatgrasses
Technical Report or White Paper
James K. Brown
Evidence for population differentiation among Jeffrey and Ponderosa pines in survival, growth and phenology
Book or Chapter or Journal Article
Alejandra Martínez-Berdeja, Jill A. Hamilton, Aurore Bontemps, Johanna Schmitt, Jessica W. Wright
Aridity and competition drive fire resistance trait covariation in mountain trees
Book or Chapter or Journal Article
Thibaut Fréjaville, Albert Vilà‐Cabrera, Thomas Curt, Christopher Carcaillet